QA Analyzing Emma Essays - 1250 Words

Emma as a character is at the same time very strong, but also she comes across as a bit of a know-it-all, and she acts as though she is superior to every other character in the novel. Emma allows status to interpret her feelings of people, and it affects how she treats them. It is quite obvious that Emma allows herself to mistreat people for her own purposes, whether it is for mere satisfaction, to prove a point, or perhaps it is just a subconscious task for her that is beyond her control until it is too late to be fixable. Emma is a character who really sees herself as being better than not only everyone else, but believes she is better than she really is. It could be argued that she sees herself as better than Mr. Elton due to the fact†¦show more content†¦For the first time, Emma actually feels slightly guilty for her actions, and takes responsibility for them for the first time. The incident on its own was quite interesting since it is almost as if Miss Bates is honored by being picked on by someone of Emma’s status, as if it makes her more noticeable, or popular. It does not even occur to Emma that she may hurt someone’s feelings when she does not internalize what she is going to say before forcing her thought and opinions on other people; not until Mr. Knightley brings it to her attention, and even then she brushes it off her shoulder. â€Å"Emma recollected, blushed, was sorry, but tried to laugh it off.† (Page 299) The correspondences between Mr. Knightley and Emma continue on until the point is made that Emma was very wrong, and out of line. Eventually it dawns on Emma that she should she does mistreat people and this is the turning point of her attitude. Overall it is quite easy to see how Emma mistreats other characters due to their social standing, and status in their community. If she were able to look past her being better than everyone else since she is not married but has the same freedom perhaps she would feel for other characters in a different way; maybe she would realize that she should treat other people better because one day they might be better off than she is. Question #8 Beth Fowkes Tobin has a very strong opinion of what she believes affects the female characters in this bookShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages 35 implies that proves that leads me to believe that hence in conclusion for this reason accordingly the moral is means that we can infer that as a result The following phrases are not helpful clues in identifying arguments and analyzing their structure. They are not indicator phrases: if on the contrary yet and nevertheless also Occasionally words that could be indicators do not function as indicators. Look at the word â€Å"since† in this example: Since NovemberRead MoreEffectiveness of Pccr Review Center19276 Words   |  78 Pagesto the Degree Bachelor of Science in Criminology BY: Section:4-B2 MYRA M. EVANGELISTA CHRIZAN KARL T. GARCIA MELJHON D. OBEJAS ANTHONY Q. AMORES WELMAR C. GABINETE APPROVAL SHEET This thesis entitled â€Å"EFFECTIVENESS OF PHILIPPINE COLLEGEOFCRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER†, prepared and submitted by MYRA M. EVANGELISTA, CHRIZAN KARL T. GARCIA, MELJHON D. OBEJAS, ANTHONY Q. AMORES and WELMAR C. GABINETE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science in Criminology has been examinedRead MoreResearch Capabilities of Teacher Education Students10725 Words   |  43 Pagesdata in a rigorously controlled situation for the purpose of prediction or explanation.† In a more comprehensive form specifying what is all about, Calderon (1993) defines research as â€Å"a purposive, systematic and scientific process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, organizing, presenting and interpreting data for the solution of a problem, for prediction, for invention, for the discovery of truth, or for the expansion or verification of existing knowledge, all for the preservation and improvementRead MorePoverty in Thailand12606 Words   |  51 Pagesin Thailand. At an aggregate level, it is clear that poverty has fallen rapidly in Thailand during periods of strong growth in the economy, and that it has increased during periods of weak or negative growth (Figure 5). However, one problem with analyzing the relationship between growth in per capita GDP and changes in poverty at an economywide level (as shown in Figure 5) is that there are relatively few data points to estimate the relationship precisely. Another problem is that the scatter plotRead MoreMultinat ional Management of Working Capital15525 Words   |  63 Pagesthe advantages and disadvantages of investing cash in foreign markets so that they can make international cash management decisions that maximize the value of the MNC. The specific objectives of this chapter are to: ââ€"   explain the difference in analyzing cash flows from a subsidiary perspective ââ€"   explain the various techniques used to optimize cash flows, ââ€"   explain common complications in optimizing cash flows, and ââ€"   explain the potential benefits and risks from foreign investing. In this eventRead MoreBackground Inditex, One of the Worlds Largest Fashion Distributors, Has Eight Major Sales Formats - Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home Y Kiddys Class- with 3.147 Stores in 70100262 Words   |  402 Pagesto openly sharing her experiences of auditing also helped me set up the interviews with 1st tier suppliers to HM in Turkey. Thank you also to all my excellent fellow FLIPPers: Calle, Lotta, Chris, Mà ¥rten, Ã…ke, Lars, Thomas and Hà ¥kan at the IIIEE, Emma, Johan, AnneMarie and Kicki at Environmental Systems Analysis at Chalmers University, and all the other researchers that have contributed to the FLIPP programme though different projects. I always enjoyed our meetings and it has been a great privilege

Benefits Of Genetically Modified Food Production - 1491 Words

The DNA of organisms that is altered artificially, via a method known as gene splicing (Schmidt 2005, A.527), is referred to as Genetically Modified (GM). Presently, most existing GM foods originate from plants, however, in the future, food may be obtained from GM animals or micro-organisms (Bawa and Anilakumar 2013, p.1036). The subject of GM foods including crops, vegetables and fruit and how safe they are is the cause of many controversial debates globally, however there are several arguments that support the encouragement of genetically modified food production. Enthusiasts of GM foods maintain it will assist to end world hunger and encourage health and environmental wellbeing (Panse 2014, para.1). Further, the contention by GM enthusiasts is that crop yields are increased by the use of GM technology, the need for chemicals traditionally used in agriculture diminishes and is likely to result in the production of high-sustenance foods capable of growing in exhausted soils and drou ght-ridden locations (Schmidt 2005, a.527). Potential uses in the future include aiming modifications to improve nutrient content, decreasing allergen capabilities, and refining the productivity of food manufacture. As global water supplies diminish, many countries will no longer have the capabilities of producing stable crops, thus there is considerable significance placed on the advancement of biotechnology used to yield water efficient and drought-resistant food sources (MIT 2015, para.1).Show MoreRelatedGenetically Food And World Hunger Problem1202 Words   |  5 PagesGenetically modified food And World Hunger Problem As Lehrer writes in the article â€Å" We, Robots†, compared to expectation on each other, people are extremely eager to take sides on technology (Lehrer, n.d.). In the 21st century, Technology has an extremely significant effect on the lives of individuals. Technology shows people a more efficient way to do things; Medical discoveries occur at an increasingly fast rate and agricultural processes that once required a plenty of human workers can now beRead MoreGenetically Modified Food And Drug Administration1101 Words   |  5 PagesModification The method by which food finds its way to our local grocer could soon change. For the first time, the Unites States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is considering the approval and release of genetically-modified (GM) salmon into the American marketplace (Big Fish). Salmon, of course, is just the brink of the biological possibilities. The possibility of the introduction of any GM foods is monumental. Man’s ability to increase the food supply guarantees major benefits; nevertheless, modifyingRead MoreDiscussion About Genetically Modified Foods1529 Words   |  7 Pagesencourage or ban genetically modified foods Discussion about Genetically Modified Foods Outline Introduction a. The genetically modified foods are a long issue which is widely debated. b. People feel confused about their safety. I. Views a.) Magana-Gomez’s argument. b.) He argues that negative effects of GM food were identified â€Å"at molecular and microscopic levels†. c.) Curieux-Belfond CL contends that the benefits of genetically modified foods far outweighRead MoreEssay about Rogerian Argument of Genetic Engineered Foods1161 Words   |  5 PagesRogerian Paper: Genetically Modified Food â€Å"Biotechnology has been used for more than 6,000 years for lots of interesting and practical purposes: making food such as bread and cheese, preserving dairy products and fermenting beer† (Biotechnology - Promising a Brighter Future for the World). Although we do not always realize it, biotechnology is a huge part of our everyday lives, from the medicine we use to keep us healthy, the fuel we use to take us where we need to go, and even the food we eat andRead MoreGmos Should Be Applied Into American Food Production1242 Words   |  5 Pagesnumerous developments plaguing agricultural production, the implementation of Genetically Modified Organisms, commonly referred to as GMOs, is best suited to be used in food manufacturing. It is estimated that by the year 2050, global food production must increase by seventy percent. However with current practices in place and the limited expansion of farmland due to urbanization, such production rates are nearly impossible to achieve. The use of Genetically Modified Organisms seems to be among the onlyRead MoreNon Genetically Modified Food Demand1632 Words   |  7 PagesNon-Genetically Modified Food Demand and Supply and Demand of Food Supply and Restaurants in the United States Genetically modified crops have played an important role in food supply of the United States for nearly two decades. The incentives for producers to use these crops are numerous, such as: an increased resistance to pests and improving the yield of the harvest. While these crops have been accepted as the norm for years, recently more shoppers have become increasingly concerned about whatRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods1354 Words   |  6 PagesGMO’s Genetically Modified Foods is a new contervserasonal topic on the health on agricultural of the world. It is heavily debated for the reason that it can be seen as a health risk or a major advancement in Agriculture. One on hand, it can be used to increase production, as well has have foods that could be altered to be pest-resistant and greater nutritional values (WHAT ARE THEY). While on the other hand, many consider ‘Safety testing of whole foods is difficult. Generally assessment of ‘safety/toxicity’Read MoreShould Crops Be Allowed?913 Words   |  4 PagesThe production of more reliable crops could hold the potential to change doubtful view points on the subject. A better crop means one that has more variation and a higher yielding seed, disease resistant, and able to withstand the extremes of weather. Allowing the production of genetically modified crops to be produced more freely can and will make a positive impact on the society. There are some misconceptions dealing with the finished product of genetically modified crops. The production of theseRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods Essay852 Words   |  4 PagesGenetically modified foods have always been a controversial topic and issue. Moat things do in our day to day lives have benefits and risks. Gene Technology and genetically modified foods are no exception. Throughout this article the pros and cons of genetically modified foods will be looked and an explanation as to why it is one of the best DNA technologies of the 21st century. This judgment follows these criteria that genetically modified food can produce resistant crops to pests and diseasesRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods1198 Words   |  5 PagesGenetically modified foods have recently been in the new headlines for both their positive attributes and the negatives of genetic modification, this essay will look at the effects Genetically Modified foods have on the economy, environment and you. Genetically modified (GM) foods refer to crop plants which have been created for human or animal consumption, these foods have had their genetic material modified in a way that would not occur naturally within the food. Desired traits such as increased

Concept of Sustainable Development

Question: ExplainConcept of sustainable development. Answer: Introduction: Several opinions and concepts have been put forwarded regarding sustainability. In the last few years there has been a shift in the concept of development and greater focus has been made on the process of environmental sustainability. The construction industry has been charged with various issues ranging from overuse of resources to the creation of pollution. Thus, there rises a necessity to undertake a sustainability concept for the building construction companies. This paper focuses on the same topic of building sustainability in the building and construction projects. A detail analysis of the method of building sustainability will be done, along with the understanding of developing the practice of sustainability building. This paper will evaluate the importance of the performance of the building in recent scenario. The result of the application of this type of building will also be analyzed. Concept of sustainable development: Sustainable development indicates such types of developments that are able to meet the demand of needs of the current generation without affecting the needs of the future generations. Thus, n ability to learn the concept of using the resources and focusing on creating better environment condition is the main concept behind sustainability (Malhotra et al. 2013). The concept of sustainability got importance due to two main factors. Primarily, the increasing rte of environmental degradation due to depletion in the natural resources that is raising alarm in the global environment. Secondly, it has also been realized that the issues related to the environmental degradation needs to be checked because human needs might met in parts of the world but it is yet to be fulfilled in other parts of the globe (Berardi 2013). Thus, an integrated and concrete effort towards the sustainability was felt and necessary actions were being planned against the same issue. Concept of sustainability building: Often referred to as green building, that are constructed and structured to meet the environmental demands are termed as sustainable building. In this process, a detailed check is kept in the process of construction, operation, maintenance and even in the renovation or demolition of the building. Thus, a balance between the construction of the building and the environment is maintained. This for obvious reasons calls for a well trained and a team of engineers who are best in the approach of designing buildings (Abrams et al. 2012). This calls for a better design and an innovative approach towards the making of the building. In this respect, it can be mentioned that there has been a provision towards the manufacturing of glass buildings. Several approaches have been made towards developing a better environmental condition. It is a common sight to view building made of glass. This could be easily regarded as one of the tools of building sustainable buildings and a step towards a better and clean environment. When buildings are made of glass, there are very less provision of water is required for the sake of construction (Barrella and Schwarz 2016). Apart from that there remains very less possibility of creation of pollution because glass causes much less pollution compared to concrete. Along with this, sustainable buildings also propose the idea of reducing the amount of waste. In the construction process huge amount of waste materials are produced. This creates severe environmental issues that decline the prosperity of environment (Bendewald and Zhai 2013). In case, when glass is used for the building pu rpose, a huge amount of waste is reduced and a provision towards a better and greener environment is created. In the opinion of Shika et al. (2014), the construction industry has been into the category of harming the sustainability of the environment. In other words, it can be said that this sector of business plays a vital role in shaping the sustainability and development. This industry has a good level of consumption in terms of the need of resources and also in the creation of pollution. Again, as pointed out by Kontokosta and Jain (2015), this industry is also responsible for the development of the infrastructure of the rural and the backward sector of the society. Various human needs such as meeting the provision of health or education by the means of building hospitals, schools, colleges and the most important of all, the need of shelter is all provided by this sector. Thus, it can be said that human life is completely depended on this sector. However, the importance of environment and saving the resources for future use cannot As stated by Saggar et al. (2015), that the need of basic consumption level is easily met in the developed countries but in the developing countries it still remains a challenge for the people struggling there. As a result of which, people make any kind of provision for building shelter for themselves. This automatically increases the level of pollution because in such cases, much inferior quality of resources is used for building purpose. Thus, issues regarding sustainability still exist in such cases. Sustainability Building Assessment Tool: The gap produced in maintaining sustainability between the developed and the developing countries has been approached to address the situation by the means of a tool termed as Sustainability Building Assessment Tool. This tool reflects some of the social issues faced by these countries by understanding the fact that how manufacturing a building or the construction industry can add to the sustainability of the environment (Gibberd 2014). The main aim of this toll is to enable the industry to maximize the role of the construction industry in adding positive factors in the environment while fighting with the negative effect that the industry is causing to the environment. If the change is easily acceptable by the construction industry, then their role in the development of the developing countries increases. The assessment tool suggests 15 main areas broadly divided in 3 major factors in the stage of adopting sustainability at the time of construction. These areas can be mentioned as below: Environmental factors: The use and consumption of the resources available in the nature such as the water, energy, waste, site, materials and other components as well. The essential environmental factors mentioned are needed to be used properly without making any provision to waste them. It is only by this means that the resources of the globe can be maintained (Achaper 2012). Economic factors: Efficient use of the local economy of the region of development or construction, the efficiency of the use of the money in the construction process. Adaptability and flexibility of using the economy and most importantly correct use of the ongoing and the capital cost is also important for the construction industry to maintain in their activity (Aragon-Correa 2013). Social factors: The construction industry must also focus on the comfort of the occupants of the region of operation, the inclusive environment, participation and role of the people belonging to that particular region. Other factors include facilities to access the building and other things (Takeuchi 2013). Again, education, safety and the health of the local contractors are also indeed important for the sustainability factor. Benefits of sustainability building: With the aim of creating a better environment, the approach of sustainability building has been made. In this respect, some of the beneficial effects of such buildings can be discussed. As pointed out by Zmeureanu (2013), when sustainability approach is made, focus is made on using the local economy of the region. It can provide the opportunity of using the local economy of the region and help to improve the economic condition to some extent. It is also expected that the construction company might use the local raw materials available that it might reduce the expenses as well as prove to be a better provision for the environment. As a result of the sustainable approach towards environment, health and safety of the local people are also maintained. Thus, socially, environmentally as well as economically sustainability buildings add to the betterment of the environment. Certification of sustainability buildings: There are certain certifications that are given towards the sustainability that the buildings have reached. Those certifications can be mentioned her: Leadership in Energy and Environmental design: This is a set of rating system that is developed by the U.S Green Building Council. A research team, known as the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method or in short, the BREEAM is responsible for taking care of the sustainability report (Akadiri et al. 2013). This research team keeps a good eye on the sustainability of the constructed buildings and depending on their analysis; they issue a certificate of the range of sustainability reached by the design of the building. New technologies and other innovative ideas are opening many doors towards the creation of a better environment; the approach made by the creation of the green or sustainable building is to reduce the harmful impact of the construction of the building both on the health of humans and against the degrading condition of the environment (Berardi 2012). It is to be kept in mind that sustainability buildings do not only imply on the construction of the building but it is also dependent on the operation and the life cycle of the building. It is expected that the b building will be sustainable after its construction also (Menna et al. 2013). There should not be any provision that would result in the creation of pollution or trouble for the environment and for the people of a particular region. Recommendations: The approach made for the creation of sustainability building is indeed a good on towards the making of a better environment and keeping a better world for the future generation. However, the process is not followed in the construction of every place. For example, building might be constructed by using glass as one of the substitute to the concrete that helped in reducing pollution. However, construction is not only abided in making buildings but there are other things that are constructed at a regular basis and in fact, life would not be possible without such construction. These include the construction of roads and bridges. Even the monuments or other historical or tourist attracting places and buildings are made up of concrete and other pollution creating materials. However, the approach of sustainability has been reached to the construction of buildings only that too mainly for those buildings that are constructed for office purposes. There are very few buildings that have residential purpose and fulfill the criteria of sustainability. Thus, it is recommended that these sectors of buildings are to b e encouraged for following the sustainability process and provide their effort towards making a cleaner and better environment. Towards the technical perspective it can be said that more researches could be done to find out other constructing materials that are sustainable and are less prone towards the creation of pollution. In addition to this, strict laws can also be imposed that would make it compulsory to follow strict guidelines at the time of construction. Failure to which the construction company or the person involved might have to confront with greater punishment or fine. Conclusion: The paper has narrated the several aspects of the sustainable building. A detail research of the proposed idea has been done. The benefits of these buildings have been discussed along with the several facts that are related to the construction of such buildings. It has been found that many buildings are made in todays perspective where great focus has been made towards the sustainability. However, this approach is less in some of the developing countries. The paper also included certain recommendations made in accordance to increase sustainability. In this perspective, it can be said that if proper approaches are made towards a green and clean environment then there would be no risk for the future and a good sustainability level can be reached easily. The government of every country must come forward and help to make a better environment for people living today and leaving a better planet for the future generation. Reference list: Abrams, R.F., Malizia, E., Wendel, A., Sallis, J., Millstein, R.A., Carlson, J.A., Cannuscio, C., Glanz, K., Samet, J., Sleet, D.A. and Naumann, R.B., 2012.Making healthy places: designing and building for health, well-being, and sustainability. Island Press. Akadiri, P.O., Olomolaiye, P.O. and Chinyio, E.A., 2013. Multi-criteria evaluation model for the selection of sustainable materials for building projects.Automation in Construction,30, pp.113-125. Aragon-Correa, J.A., 2013. Beyond ourselves: Building bridges to generate real progress on sustainability management issues.Organization Environment, p.1086026613476520. Barrella, E.M. and Schwarz, J., 2016. Evaluating and Selecting a Sustainability Rating System for Corridor Planning and Capacity Building: A University Case Study. InTransportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting(No. 16-3917). Bendewald, M. and Zhai, Z.J., 2013. Using carrying capacity as a baseline for building sustainability assessment.Habitat International,37, pp.22-32. Berardi, U., 2012. Sustainability assessment in the construction sector: rating systems and rated buildings.Sustainable Development,20(6), pp.411-424. Berardi, U., 2013. Clarifying the new interpretations of the concept of sustainable building.Sustainable Cities and Society,8, pp.72-78. Gibberd, J., 2014. Assessing sustainability of building materials in developing countries: the sustainable building materials index (SBMI). Kontokosta, C.E. and Jain, R.K., 2015. Modeling the determinants of large-scale building water use: Implications for data-driven urban sustainability policy.Sustainable Cities and Society,18, pp.44-55. Malhotra, A., Melville, N.P. and Watson, R.T., 2013. Spurring impactful research on information systems for environmental sustainability.MIS Quarterly,37(4), pp.1265-1274. Menna, C., Asprone, D., Jalayer, F., Prota, A. and Manfredi, G., 2013. Assessment of ecological sustainability of a building subjected to potential seismic events during its lifetime.The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,18(2), pp.504-515. Saggar, M., Hawthorne, G., Quintin, E.M., Kienitz, E., Bott, N.T., Hong, D., Chien, Y.H., Liu, N., Royalty, A. and Reiss, A.L., 2015. Developing novel methods to assess long-term sustainability of creative capacity building and applied creativity. InDesign Thinking Research(pp. 29-39). Springer International Publishing. Schaper, M.T. ed., 2012.Making ecopreneurs: developing sustainable entrepreneurship. Gower Publishing, Ltd.. Shika, S. A., Sapri, M., Jibril, D. J., Abdullah, S., Wakawa, U. B., Umar, A., and Umar, U. A. 2014. Post occupancy evaluation sustainability assessment framework for commercial office buildings. InRecent Trends in Social and Behaviour Sciences: Proceedings of the International Congress on Interdisciplinary Behaviour and Social Sciences 2013(p. 235). CRC Press. Takeuchi, K., 2013. Building a global meta-network for sustainability science.Sustainability Science, pp.436-442. Zmeureanu, R., 2013. Exergy-based index for assessing the building sustainability.Building and Environment,60, pp.202-210.

The Time Machine By H. G. Wells (1866 - 1946) Essays -

The Time Machine by H. G. Wells (1866 - 1946) The Time Machine by H. G. Wells (1866 - 1946) Type of Work: Fantasy / science fiction novel Setting England; late nineteenth century, and hundreds of thousands of years in the future Principal Characters The Time Traveler, an inquisitive, scientific man Weena, a future woman Story Overveiw One Thursday evening, four or five men assembled for dinner at a friend's home near London. But as the evening passed, their host failed to appear. Finally, at half past seven the guests agreed it was a pity to spoil a good dinner and seated themselves to a delicious meal. The main topic of their conversation was time travel, a subject their host had seriously argued as a valid theory during an earlier dinner. He had gone so far as to show them the model of a curious machine he had built, which, he declared, could travel through the fourth dimension - time. While the guests conversed, the door suddenly opened and in limped their host. He was in a state of disarray. His coat was dusty, dirty and smeared with green; his hair was markedly grayer than the last time they had seen him, his face pale, and his expression haggard and drawn as if by intense suffering. As he stumbled back through the door in tattered, bloodstained socks, he promised his guests that be would return shortly with an explanation for his actions and appearance. Soon after, the gentleman did reappear, and commenced with his remarkable story: That morning, his machine at last completed, he had begun his journey through time. Increasing the angle of his levers, at first he was able to maintain a sense of time and place. His laboratory still looked the same, but slowly its image dimmed. Then, faster and faster, night followed day, until the palpitation of night and day merged into one continuous grayness. New questions sprun up in the Traveller's mind: What had happened to civilization? How had humanity changed? Now he saw great and splendid architecture rising about him, while the surrounding expanse became a richer green, with no interruptions made by winter. The Time Traveller decided to stop. He fell from his machine to find himself at the foot of a colossal, winged, sphinx-like figure carved out of white stone on a bronze pedestal. The huge image, outlined by earlymorning mist, made him somewhat ill at ease. Then he noticed figures approaching,- slight creatures, perhaps four feet high, very beautiful and graceful, but indescribably frail. These beings advanced toward the Time Traveller, laughing without fear, and began touching him all over. "So these are the citizens of the future," he mused. They acted like five-yearold children, and the Traveller was disappointed with their lack of intelligence and refinement. These gentle people, called Eloi, bore their visitor to a towering building that appeared ready to collapse. Their world in general seemed in disrepair - a beautiful, tangled waste of bushes and flowers; a long-neglected and yet weedless garden. The Eloi served their guest a meal that consisted entirely of fruit. During this repast, they all sat as close to the Time Traveller as they could. With much difficulty he began to learn their language, but the Floi, with their very short attention spans, tired easily of teaching him. That evening the Traveller began to hypothesize how these people, who all looked identical, dressed alike, and reacted to life in the same way, had evolved. Perhaps, he thought, mankind had overcome the numerous difficulties of life facing it in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Under new conditions of perfect comfort and security, perhaps power and intellect - the very qualities he most valued - had no longer been necessary. He decided that he had emerged into the sunset of humanity; a vegetarian society - for he had noticed no animals - where there was no need for either reasoning or strength. As night drew near, the Time Traveller suddenly realized that his time machine had vanished. Engulfed by the fear of losing contact with his own age and being left helpless in this strange new world, he flew into a desperate rampage, a futile attempt to find his machine. Soon the voyager's panic faded as he realized his machine was probably inside the huge stone figure near the spot where he had "landed." He pounded on the bronze doors without effect, but he was certain he had heard some voice from inside - a distinct little chuckle. Calm, welcome sleep, finally overcame the adventurer, and he reasoned that in time he would succeed in breaking into the stone behemoth to regain his

To My Mother Essays

To My Mother Essays To My Mother Paper To My Mother Paper Essay Topic: Poetry To my mother a poem written by George Barker is about a boy encouraging his mother to come out of her sorrows. The persona of this poem is encouraging his mother to fight her sorrows and overcome them because he has a lot of faith in her and also loves her. The message George Barker conveys through this poem is that we should not let our loved one in pain or sorrow but help them conquer over the sadness by showing affection and love, and having faith in them. The poet successfully conveys his message through the use of a variety of poetic techniques such as; form, diction and imagery. The poem To My Mother is written in a specific from, which helps convey the message and the feelings of the mother across to the readers. This poem is a sonnet; it consists of fourteen lines which are pleasingly divided into an octave and a sestet, more like a Petrarchan or Italian sonnet. The octave describes to us the seismic laughter and how the mother was before all the sorrow taking control of her. It tells us that she was a comical yet caring; she was more of a role model to the other but she was following a brass band which could be referring to her beliefs. The sestet also talks about the mother but it is after all the sorrow fills her heart and mind, she leans on the mahogany table people lean on object when they are tired upset. In this case the mother is both upset and tired of being upset. The last two lines in the sestet describe how the behaviour of the mother has affected the son, the only strength, which the son can provide for his mother to break the wall of sadness is love and faith. The octave has a rhyme scheme of abcd abcd, the sestet has a rhyme scheme of efg efg, and each line follows an iambic metre. The iambic metre gives us a rhythm to read the poem, which also relates to the message and the mothers feelings. Normally when we feel sad, everything we do tends to be slow and at a steady pace, the iambic metre provides that steadiness in the reading. The metre also relates to the message, helping someone overcome their sorrows, the metre states the slow and sorrowful mind of the mother and the rhyme at the end of each line suggests the love and faith the son has toward the mother. By using the form of a Petrarchan or Italian sonnet the poet effectively state the message. Through the uses of effective diction and simile, George Barker communicates the emotions of the mother. In the octave word choices like, most dear suggests that this poem might indeed be a letter to some one. When I think of words like most loved and most far, it seems to be a letter written to someone, who has died, and the boy is informing his mother status after their death. Huge suggests not only the mothers appearance but also the kindness; having a huge heart. Seismic implies her being jovial and light hearted; on the other hand in the sestet, where the tone changes, the thoughtful choice of words emphasise the sadness of the mother. She will not glance up at the bomber or condescend/ To drop her gin and scuttle to the cellar, this shows us that the boy has tried every means to get the mother out of her sorrows but what ever happens she would not recover or respond. People Lean when they are tired, stressed or miserable, this directly relates to the mothers state of mind. I think that the detailed description of the table; being mahogany is significant to how the mother feels as well. The word sounds like melancholy; meaning sad and depressed, which is what the mother is undergoing. The word cellar reminds me of prisons and bars; the mother is behind and trapped into the prison of mourning. Mourning into morning these words are homophones; sounding the same concludes the poem, and also states the message, by expressing that the mother sorrows will end when there is a new beginning. One very effective simile, is describing his mother like a mountain, this description not only describes the physical appearance but also the emotional capacity. A mountain is large and is a home to many living things, and the author to choose a mountain to describes is telling us that she is not only physically big but also is full of sorrow and sadness that, and the son needing the support of the mother, resembles the life in the mountains . George Barker uses metre, diction, rhyme, and simile; to illustrate the hidden message of his poem to his readers. The careful choice of word helps the readers successfully understand the emotions of the mother. The form of the poem helps the readers, feel the mothers sorrowfulness and the message from the poet; that we should help our loved one overcome pain and sorrow by loving them and having faith in them.

Coca (Cocaine) History, Domestication, and Use

Coca (Cocaine) History, Domestication, and Use Coca, the source of natural cocaine, is one of a handful of shrubs in the Erythroxylum family of plants. Erythroxylum includes over 100 different species of trees, shrubs and sub-shrubs native to South America and elsewhere. Two of the South American species, E. coca and E. novogranatense, have potent alkaloids occurring in their leaves, and those leaves have been used for their medicinal and hallucinogenic properties for thousands of years. E. coca originates from the montaà ±a zone of the eastern Andes, between 500 and 2,000 meters (1,640-6,500 feet)  above sea level. The earliest archaeological evidence of coca use is in coastal Ecuador, ca 5,000 years ago. E. novagranatense is known as Colombian coca and it is more able to adapt to different climates and elevations; it first up in northern Peru beginning about 4,000 years ago. Coca Use The ancient method of Andean cocaine use involves folding coca leaves into a quid and placing it between the teeth and the inside of the cheek. An alkaline substance, such as powdered wood ash or baked and powdered seashells is then transferred into the quid using a silver awl or pointed tube of limestone. This method of consumption was first described to Europeans by the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci, who met coca users when he visited the coast of northeastern Brazil, in AD 1499. Archaeological evidence shows the procedure is much older than that. Coca use was part of ancient Andean daily life, an important symbol of cultural identity in ceremonies, and used medicinally as well. Chewing coca is said to be good for relief of fatigue and hunger, beneficial for gastrointestinal illnesses, and said to ease the pain of dental caries, arthritis, headaches, sores, fractures, nosebleed, asthma, and impotence. Chewing coca leaves also is believed to ease the effects of living in high altitudes.   Chewing more than 20-60 grams (.7-2 ounces) of coca leaves results in a cocaine dose of 200-300 milligrams, equivalent to one line of powdered cocaine. Coca Domestication History The earliest evidence of coca use discovered to date comes from a handful of preceramic sites in the Nancho Valley. Coca leaves have been direct-dated by AMS to 7920 and 7950 cal BP. Artifacts associated with coca processing were also found in contexts dated as early as 9000-8300 cal BP. What is the AMS dating method?What does cal BP mean? Evidence for coca use has also been from in caves in the Ayacucho valley of Peru, within levels dated between 5250-2800 cal BC. Evidence for coca use has been identified from most cultures in South America, including Nazca, Moche, Tiwanaku, Chiribaya and Inca cultures. According to ethnohistoric records, horticulture and use of coca became a state monopoly in the Inca empire about AD 1430. The Inca elites restricted use to the nobility beginning in the 1200s, but coca continued to widen in use until all but lowest classes had access at the time of the Spanish conquest. Archaeological Evidence of Coca Use Nanchoc valley sites (Peru), 8000-7800 cal BPAyacucho valley caves (Peru), 5250-2800 cal BCValdivia culture (3000 BC) of coastal Ecuador (may represent long-distance trade or domestication)Peruvian coast (2500-1800 BC)Nazca figurines (300 BC-AD 300)Moche (AD 100-800) pots illustrate a bulging cheek, and coca leaves in gourds have been recovered from Moche tombsTiwanaku by AD 400Arica, Chile by AD 400The Cabuza culture (ca AD 550) mummies buried with coca quids in their mouths In addition to the presence of coca quids and kits, and the artistic depictions of coca use, archaeologists have used the presence of excessive alkali deposits on human teeth and alveolar abscesses as evidence. However, it isnt clear whether abscesses are caused by coca use, or treated by coca use, and results have been ambiguous about using excessive calculus on teeth. Beginning in the 1990s, gas chromatography was used to identify cocaine use in mummified human remains, particularly the Chirabaya culture, recovered from the Atacama Desert of Peru. The identification of BZE, a metabolic product of coca (benzoylecgonine), in hair shafts, is considered ample evidence of coca use, even for modern-day users. Coca Archaeological Sites San Lorenzo del Mate (Ecuador), 500 BC-AD 500, adult male interment with excessive calculus deposits on his teeth, an associated decorated shell spatula and a small bowl-like deposit of an alkali substance (probably once in a gourd)Las Balsas (Ecuador) (300 BC-AD 100). Cal receptaclePLM-7, Arica site in coastal Chile, 300 BC, coca kitPLM-4, Tiwanakoid sites in Chile with a bag full of coca leavesLlullallaco, Argentina, Inca period child sacrifices exhibited coca consumption prior to death Sources: Bussmann R, Sharon D, Vandebroek I, Jones A, and Revene Z. 2007. Health for Sale: The Medicinal Plant Markets in Trujillo and Chiclayo, Northern Peru. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 3(1):37.Cartmell LW, Aufderheide AC, Springfield A, Weems C, and Arriaza B. 1991. The Frequency and Antiquity of Prehistoric Coca-Leaf-Chewing Practices in Northern Chile: Radioimmunoassay of a Cocaine Metabolite in Human-Mummy Hair. Latin American Antiquity 2(3):260-268.Dillehay TD, Rossen J, Ugent D, Karathanasis A, Vsquez V, and Netherly PJ. 2010. Early Holocene coca chewing in northern Peru. Antiquity 84(326):939-953.Gade DW. 1979. Inca and colonial settlement, coca cultivation and endemic disease in the tropical forest. Journal of Historical Geography 5(3):263-279.Ogalde JP, Arriaza BT, and Soto EC. 2009. Identification of Psychoactive Alkaloids in Ancient Andean Human Hair by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(2):467-472.Plowman T. 1981 Amazonian co ca. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 3(2-3):195-225. Springfield AC, Cartmell LW, Aufderheide AC, Buikstra J, and Ho J. 1993. Cocaine and Metabolites in the Hair of Ancient Peruvian Coca Leaf Chewers. Forensic Science International 63(1-3):269-275.Ubelaker DH, and Stothert KE. 2006. Elemental Analysis of Alkalis and Dental Deposits Associated with Coca Chewing in Ecuador. Latin American Antiquity 17(1):77-89.Wilson AS, Brown EL, Villa C, Lynnerup N, Healey A, Ceruti MC, Reinhard J, Previgliano CH, Araoz FA, Gonzalez Diez J et al.  2013. Archaeological, radiological, and biological evidence offer insight into Inca child sacrifice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(33):13322-13327.

The Main Difference between Wage Rate for Teacher and Sportsman Assignment - 4

The Main Difference between Wage Rate for Teacher and Sportsman - Assignment Example The current US federal minimum wage rate is $7.25 per hour, which was set in 2009. If the minimum wage rate is increased from $7.25 to $7.50 per hour, it will be good for the minimum wage workers. Increased wages will help minimum wage workers live a better standard life and will ultimately result in increased business productivity for the companies. At present, very few people go into the profession of teaching because people do not consider it a very good profession because of low wages. However, if the government equals the wages of teachers and business personnel, more people will try to join the profession of teaching because teaching is comparatively easier to do and requires less time than business. It will destabilize the economic progress of the country. If there will be no limit, more and more people will want to join the profession of lawyers because of attractive salary packages. In this case, other professions will be affected. Moreover, practicing lawyers will not want a large number of new lawyers to become a threat to their jobs. Therefore, they limit the entry of new layers in the profession of law. Considering the change in the total revenue resulting from the quantity and quality of the output produced by Michael Jordan, the amount given to the player was fair because he served his club very well during the whole season. Increase in wages will make the employees do more for their companies. When the employees will receive higher wages, they will definitely work hard with full dedication and commitment increasing their overall productivity and output. According to the output effect, a decrease in the wage rate will decrease production costs, so the price of final goods will decrease. The number of final goods produced will decrease, so the demand for labor will increase.

Loss of my Grandfather Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Loss of my Grandfather - Essay Example This discussion stresses that the death of the author's grandfather meant a disorganization in their family system. Since childhood, grandfather used to tell them that their extended family was an emotional unit that could be bonded by love and unity. In addition, grandfather had been advising the entire family against isolation and self-centeredness whereby people could do things for personal or individual gain. Soon after the death of grandfather, family meetings were no longer held as the unifying factor existed no more. For example, the author's uncle relocated, aunt transferred to her work place to the city and my family decided on staying on our grandfather’s farm where they live with our grandmother.   Ã‚  From this paper it is clear that grandfather was an elder in their local church, and for that matter, we used to go to his church. He built our spirituality in terms of getting involved in organized religion, engaging in various church ministries, going to church ev ery Sunday and even doing evangelism on weekends. Once he died, there was laziness on Sunday as they go to church whenever they feel like, they no longer participate in church ministries like they used to and they completely forgot about bible studies or even praying together as a family. The spirituality of their family was adversely affected to the extent that they no longer give tithes like they used to do as a family.

A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings by Gabriel García Márquez Essay Example for Free

A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez Essay When Pelayo was coming back to his house, he found an old man face down in the mud, with a pair of enormous wings. The neighbor told them he was an angel, and must have been knocked down by the rain. In the short story, A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings, Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez reveals some of his ideas of human nature. He shows how pessimistic humanity can be, through an experience with a fallen angel. One portrayal found in the story was the idea of human greed and selfishness. Most people are interested in what is best for them, or how they can take advantage of something for their own good. In the story, the Pelayo and Elisenda, husband and wife, had an angel fall into their yard. At first they were going to put the angel on a raft and free him from their chicken coop prison. Instead, they decided to charge admission to see the fallen angel that they held captive in their courtyard (6). They knew that people would come from everywhere to see this spectacle, and took advantage of the situation. By keeping this angel locked up in the chicken coop, they were profiting off of his misery. The people that came complained of their many problems, and were looking for the angel to help them. They were all concerned with themselves, and their own problems, rather than the angels well being. This selfishness is just part of human nature. The human race will always look for the best options to benefit themselves. Humans seem to have a very short attention span. The smallest things can be amusing, and keep our attention, but generally only for a short time. The human race is always looking for the new best thing, whether it is the hippest fashions, the newest, fastest cars, or the top-of-the-line computers. In A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings, the people were amazed by the fact that a flesh-and-blood angel had fallen, and were coming from all over to see him. It was only after a period of a few weeks or so that a traveling circus came to town. In this circus, there was a woman who was supposedly turned into a spider for disobeying her parents. The crowd lost interest in the angel and swarmed to see the spider lady (10). The people were interested in this angel for only a short period of time because something more interesting came to town. The whole idea that there was a fallen angel on earth became old news. Humanity is, by nature, cruel. Again, going back to the angel and his imprisonment, it seemed as though people were upset or disappointed that the angel would not answer their questions. The whole imprisonment was cruel to begin with. At first, they even tried to feed the angel mothballs. Then, when everyone was dissatisfied with the angel merely lying around in the chicken coop, they decided to get him to move by burning his side with an iron, used for branding steers (9). For weeks they tormented this poor, hopeless angel. Mà ¡rquez, through his fiction, has shown some of his feelings on the philosophy of human nature. He feels that as a whole, is not very positive, and can be quite selfish. We tend to have a short attention span with many things, and we can also be very cruel. Human nature, as portrayed in A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings, is not as perfect and wonderful as many would like to believe.

Joseph Bediers The Romance of Tristan and Iseult and Jean Cocteau’s Et

The Romance of Tristan and Iseult, by Joseph Bà ©dier, and Jean Cocteau’s 1943 cinematic adaptation of the epic love story Eternal Return, both portray the love between Tristan and Iseult, and Patrice and Natalie as an agonizing cancer that overpowers the lovers after they consume the love potion. But the differences of how and when the love potion is administered, and the lovers’ feelings for each other before the potion is drunk, reveal different depictions of the love potion between the novel and the film. The first difference between the film and the novel is when the two lovers drink the love potion. In the book, they drink the love potion when they are still on the boat and have â€Å"dropped anchor by an island† (Bà ©dier, 42). Here Iseult has not met King Mark. But in the film, Natalie and Patrice drink the love potion after Natalie has been introduced to Uncle Mark. In the first instance, they both have a chance to elope, and no one would be the wiser. They can easily live a life of comfort and full of love with each other, but Tristan chooses to hand over the woman he loves to his Uncle, and suffer for his love. In the film, Natalie and Patrice are not given this option, and therefore do not have a chance to escape their faith. Also in the book, an unknowing maid gives the love potion to the lovers. She believes that she is just giving them wine. This signifies the fact that no one intentionally wished for them to suffer, but faith led them to it. But i n the film, Achille puts the love potion in their drinks on the pretext of murdering them with poison. In the film the fact that the love potion is labeled poison, foreshadows the pain and sorrow the two lovers will face, because poison leads to a slo... ...g this news for the first time and is astounded and angry. Aunt Gertrude, though shrewd and unlikable, also realizes the attraction between Patrice and Natalie, and tells Patrice that he is marrying the girl he loves to his Uncle. Her awareness on this subject may be rooted in her hate for Patrice and her desire to destroy him because her son can never be as loved as Patrice, but that does not alter the fact that she feels and notices the love between Patrice and Natalie. The difference in the film and the novel alter the depiction of the love affair between Tristan and Iseult and Patrice and Natalie. While the novel portrays Tristan and Iseult as causing the suffering they endure because of their love, the film makes Patrice and Natalie the victims of faith and love. Works Cited Bedier, Joseph. The Romance of Tristan and Iseult. New York, 1994

Impact of Turks and Mongols on the Islamic world Essay

The Turks and Mongols are two races that are an integral part in shaping the Islamic World as we know it today. Their roles in Islamic History are still visible when looking at the Islamic world in the present. The roots of Islam could be traced after the death of The Prophet, Muhammad. The early Islam world was dominated by the Umayyad from Damascus. The Umayyad was in turn succeeded by the Abbasids, which made Baghdad their capital. It was during the two caliphates that a majority of Muslim culture, government and society was established. The years of the Caliphates was known as the Golden Age of Islam. (Wilkinson and Salazar). The Abbasid Caliphate was ended by the Invasion of the Mongols. The Mongols were a nomadic tribe coming from the grasslands of Mongolia, their ruler then, The Great Khan Mongke, ordered his brother to attack the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. (Chaliand and Berrett) Baghdad, the capital of the Islamic world then was captured by Hulagu in 1258. (Bingham) This effectively destroyed most Islamic influence and put an end to the advances of the Golden Age. It became a region known as the Il-Khanate. The early years of the Il Khanate was characterized by persecution of the Muslims in the hands of the Buddhists and Christians in the area. However, when Ghazan, a Buddhist, became Khan, he converted to Islam and the whole region followed suit. Islam made a return as the dominant religion, driving out the Christians and Buddhists. (Halm) Schools and mosques were reestablished and peace again was at hand. (Wilkinson and Salazar) The Mongol Invasion effectively put an end to the Golden age. The various advancements in science, literature, medicine and the arts were in majority obliterated when the invasion occurred. The destruction of libraries, the killing of Muslim scholars and scientists all contributed to the rapid decline of Islamic learning. This was the major factor in the crippling of Muslim advancement in those fields by which at that time they were much more ahead than the West. Almost five hundred years worth of knowledge was obliterated upon the invasion of the Mongols. (Halm) The might and barbarity of the Mongol Hordes checked the advances of a larger empire, albeit one whose priority was not military, but religion and learning. The Ottomans were a group of Turkish tribes which united after being driven south by Mongol invaders. (Stefoff) They derive their name from Osman, who united the clans into a major force. They came into contact and embraced Islam as their faith. They were the frontier soldiers of the Islamic world, guarding against the Mongol Hordes. The invasion of Tamerlane weakened the Ottomans, but they recovered and began to take control of most of the Islam World. (Marozzi) It was under the Ottomans that the Muslims finally entered Constantinople, Turkey, effectively re breaching the barrier between east and west which was ended with the fall of Spain. (Halm) The ottomans were very effective in uniting the diverse people under their thrall. They developed an administrative system whereas religious autonomy was recognized under the sultanates, which greatly facilitated tax collecting. This millet system made the unification of ethically diverse people under a government of Islam not only feasible, but effective. (Stefoff) The Ottoman Empire became a bastion of the Islamic world against the west. At the same time, it was instrumental in allowing western advances in science and technology to reach the Muslim world. The military and economic strength of the empire prevented western influence from entering thru turkey and thus effectively ensured the maintaining of Islamic way of life in Southwest Asia. (Gardner et al. ; Kennedy) It was the ottoman Turks who nearly regained the lost glory of the Muslim Empire. Their management practice of dividing the Islamic world into sultanates, with each sultan acting as autonomous ruler greatly enhanced the stability of the empire. Their military strength secured Islam way of life up until the 1900s. The peak of the Ottoman Empire, under Suleiman, greatly enhanced Islamic way of life, introducing resurgence in Muslim culture and learning. (Meri and Bacharach) The strategic location of the Ottoman Empire gave them control of the land routes between Europe and Asia, thus making them economic powers. The two groups, the Mongols and the Turks, show how an outside force can impact a civilization. In the case on the Mongol Hordes, their impact upon the Islam world effectively retarded its growth, letting the West catch up to its advancement. The invasion brought an end to the Golden Age of Islam; however, it was also Mongols, those that converted, which started the revitalization of the Islamic World. (Gardner et al. ; Kennedy). The Turks also started as a separate ethnic group. However, with their conversion, the Islamic world gained leaders which spearheaded its strengthening, expansion and development. The role of these two groups in Islamic history is both significant, the Mongols in ending the Golden age, and the Turks, in revitalizing the Islamic way of life. References Bingham, Marjorie. â€Å"An Age of Empires, 1200-1750. † (2005): 157 p. Chaliand, Gerard, and A. M. Berrett. â€Å"Nomadic Empires : From Mongolia to the Danube. † (2004): xii, 135 p. Gardner, Robert, et al. Cities of Light the Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain. [videorecording] :. Unity Productions Foundation,, [Potomac Falls, VA? ] :, 2007. Halm, Heinz. â€Å"The Arabs : A Short History. † (2007): vi, 186 p. Kennedy, Hugh. â€Å"The Great Arab Conquests : How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. † (2007): viii, 421 p. , [16] p. of plates. Marozzi, Justin. â€Å"Tamerlane : Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World. † (2006): xxiv, 449 p. , [16] p. of plates. Meri, Josef W. , and Jere L. Bacharach. â€Å"Medieval Islamic Civilization : An Encyclopedia. † (2006). Stefoff, Rebecca. â€Å"The Medieval World. † (2005): 48 p. Wilkinson, Philip, and Batul Salazar. â€Å"Islam. † Dorling Kindersley eyewitness books. (2005): 72 p.

Dell’s Supply Chain Management Essay

The term supply chain management (SCM) was initially used in wholesaling and retailing to denote the integration of logistics and physical distribution functions with the goal of reducing delivery lead times. Manufacturers and service providers have used the same term to describe integration and partnership efforts with first- and second- tier suppliers to reduce cost and improve quality and delivery timing. Terms such as integrated purchasing strategy, integrated logistics, supplier integration, value chain management, supply base management, strategic supplier alliances, lean production, Just-In-Time (JIT) logistics, and supply chain synchronization have been used in the literature to address certain elements or stages of this new management philosophy (1998; 1994). Conceptually, SCM includes all value-adding activities from the extraction of raw materials through the transformation processes and through delivery to the end user. SCM spans organizational boundaries and treats the organizations within the value chain as a unified virtual business entity (1991; 1995). (1995) further expanded SCM to include recycling or reuse activities. In general, SCM seeks improved performance through elimination of waste and better use of internal and external supplier capabilities and technologies (1996). The retailing industry has focused on different aspects of SCM, namely, location, transportation, and logistics issues. Indeed, the origin of supply chain management can be traced back to efforts to better manage the transportation and logistics functions (1997; 1995; 1994; 1993; 1991; 1987). The wholesaling and retailing industries incorporate a logistics focus within their strategic decisions. In this respect, SCM is synonymous with integrated logistics systems that control the movement of goods from the suppliers to end customers without waste (1991). Moreover, integrated logistics systems seek to manage inventories through close relationships with suppliers and transportation, distribution, and delivery services. A goal is to replace inventory with frequent communication and sophisticated information systems to provide visibility and coordination. In this way, merchandise can be replenished quickly in small lot size and arrive where and when it is needed (1994; 1993). Firms that use advanced process technology to increase flexibility and involve manufacturing managers in strategic decision making alter the role of logistics in firm success (1998). A supply chain can reduce overall inventory while maximizing customer service by efficiently redistributing stock within the supply chain using effective postponement and speculation strategies (1998; 1993; 1991). New logistics technology gives businesses a complex way to make things easier for their customers and suppliers. Within logistics industry, Dell’s system is recognized as one that takes advantage of technology to decrease storage and increase efficiency. The computer company’s supply and shipping networks exemplify the latest trend in logistics, that is, visibility. Companies with the money and foresight are making sure their inventories can be traced and tracked throughout their entire logistical operations, even if their systems are entirely outsourced. Executing a supply chain with full visibility gives companies better information to work with and a more agile system. Dell has a better control of their operation which has reduced safety stocks and has operate faster to get cash-to-cash conversion cycles. By producing custom products at a rapid pace, the computer manufacturer receives payments from customer before it pays suppliers. Companies can do this only if there’s a short window between receiving an order and shipping it. In addition, Dell’s customers can also keep track of their order status. They can trace their computer as is moves through assembly and testing, and can track its shipment due to the technology of major shipping companies. The pulse of Dell’s execution effort centers on increasing business velocity and eliminating waste. Dell employees are constantly focused on driving down backlogs, promoting best practices, and creating synergies among adjacent processes as seen in cross-functional initiatives such as the design-for-manufacturability effort between manufacturing and R&D. This initiative successfully promoted product designs that are easier to assemble. In 1994, Dell was a struggling second-tier PC maker. Like many others, the company ordered its components in advance and manufactured to inventory. Then Dell began to implement a new business model. It converted its operations to a build-to-order process, eliminated its inventories through a just-in-time system, and sold its products directly to consumers. Dell carefully targeted corporate relationship customers that had predictable, budgeted needs and that wanted a pre-determined set of product models. The company also selected individual customers who were high-end, repeat purchasers with a preference for early technology adoption. Both account segments had the stable, predictable purchase patterns that Dell needed to make its joint build-product-to-order/buy-component-to-plan system work. In connection with this, Dell developed a set of new operations capabilities in five crucial areas (2005). First, it created the flawless make-to-order system that has been widely noted. Secondly, Dell worked at length to build an effective supplier management function in order to shorten component lead times and maintain the absolute quality standards required by the just-in-time operation. Third, Dell developed the â€Å"sell what you have† system that was essential to matching supply and demand. Fourth, it instituted an extraordinarily crisp set of product life cycle management capabilities that yielded great cost reductions and strategic advantage. Fifth, the company worked with its suppliers to shorten their product life cycles, extending the Dell business model to the whole channel. Together these operating capabilities formed a cornerstone for Dell’s business model. Moreover, to maintain its rapid growth, Dell needs to hone its just-in-time process. Dell believes that the key to JIT is integrating with the suppliers into its operation. It is important for the company to work with the suppliers to figure out how to minimize the supply chain and hold the least amount of inventory in it. Inventory can add costs, damage quality, slow production, and wreak havoc with Dell’s rapid response reputation. To guard against this, Dell has optimized its supply base and developed a tightly run system in which it â€Å"pulls† parts from suppliers just as they are needed for production. Dell has manufacturing facilities in Austin; Limerick, Ireland; and Penang, Malaysia, each of which produces PCs on a JIT basis. In order to ensure the smooth flow of production supplies into these plants, Dell has developed a two-tiered strategy that employs different sourcing arrangements and delivery schedules for custom and commodity parts. When Dell receives an order for a PC, it faxes or phones its requirements to suppliers who pick the proper parts and pack them in reusable bins with kanban cards attached. Trucks on a continuous loop between suppliers and Dell, known as a â€Å"milk run,† deliver the sorted parts to the computer maker’s plant for final assembly. This process frees Dell from having to manage inventories and the costs associated with them. However, Dell has made efforts to ensure that suppliers don’t get stuck with much inventory. The computer maker allows suppliers to participate in a â€Å"revolver program,† where they can sell parts stored at the warehouse to other customers. In comparison with Dell’s supply chain management, Baxter, a hospital supply company, developed a powerful new type of partnership with its hospital customers. Baxter develops a strategy which is the vendor-managed inventory system, then called the Stockless System in managing its customer’s inventories within their hospital facilities (2001). The hospital specifies its stock requirements for each ward; an on-site Baxter employee counts the stock in each ward each day or every few days; the employee enters this information into a hand-held device and transmits it to Baxter’s warehouse, where a replenishment order is derived; at the warehouse, the order is picked into ward-specific containers; that order is delivered the next day or in a few days directly to the ward, and the Baxter employee puts the stock away; finally, Baxter invoices the hospital. Baxter’s Stockless System created a powerful new channel that changed the ground rules for all other hospita l supply companies. However, in the long run, the shift to service competition led to significant sales increases as conversions to Baxter products naturally occurred. The company also gained significant first-mover advantage as it tied up key accounts with this new channel. In the case of Procter and Gamble (P&G), the company first partnered with Wal-Mart to develop a pioneering continuous replenishment system. Through this system, P&G replenishes Wal-Mart’s facilities without purchase orders based on the retailer’s product movement data. Based on this experience, P&G systematically shifted its strategic focus toward supply chain-based service innovation–and in the process transformed both the consumer products and retail industries. P&G also developed a careful account selection plan as part of an innovative product supply model. The company developed operating partnerships with major customers capable of linking electronically, taking full-truckload deliveries, and engaging in joint business process reorganization programs. Smaller accounts were shifted to master distributors, which in turn were selected for their ability to partner effectively with P&G. P&G, for its part, developed operations capabilities in two key areas ( 2001). First, it created a sweeping new set of industry-change programs such as ECR (efficient consumer response), CRP (customer requirements planning), and streamlined logistics. These programs required a solid new understanding of channel economics and the impact of supply chain innovation. Second, the company developed sophisticated IT ties to coordinate its product flow, enabling it to raise service levels to meet the needs of the new system. With regards with Dell’s, supply chain competency of the company comprises of four qualities which includes demand management, internal collaboration, leveraging partners, and financial fundamentals (2004). Dell’s direct model enables the company to excel at demand management. The process of selling directly to customers and building product to order creates opportunities for true real-time collaboration and synchronization between manufacturing and sales. By being in direct contact with the market, Dell can quickly see changes in customer demand. Synchronization allows Dell to respond more quickly to customer demand than its competitors can. Additionally, this true internal collaboration allows for highly accurate forecasts. Another key aspect of Dell’s success is its ability to collaborate internally. This competency is driven by a culture that values information sharing and empowers all employees. At Dell, â€Å"direct† refers not only to how the company sells but also to how team members communicate and attack issues (2004). Moreover, Dell’s culture and processes not only help the company collaborate internally but also help it leverage its business partners. Dell leverages its partners by linking suppliers’ planning and execution activities with Dell’s systems. The company uses information technology to gather and share a constant stream of data on supply and demand trends. On the supply side, Dell gathers real-time information about the inventory levels of its suppliers at various positions in the supply chain. Finally, Dell’s entire supply chain is focused on fundamental business performance. Operating margin and not just profits or growth rate is the number that Dell cares about most to ensure long-term profitability. Dell Inc.’s renowned direct sales model is regularly cited as the key reason for its overall competitive prowess. At Dell, supply chain management is truly viewed as a strategic capability; it drives coordination with, and in many instances it includes, activities such as marketing, sales, finance, and information technology.

Key Issues Affect On Environment Sector Tourism Essay Example

Key Issues Affect On Environment Sector Tourism Essay Example Key Issues Affect On Environment Sector Tourism Essay Key Issues Affect On Environment Sector Tourism Essay A tourer is in general footings an person who travel for pleasance out of wonder to see alien topographic points and diverse civilizations or to see sacred spiritual sites In recent times travel for pleasances histories for approximately 70 % of all international degree while domestic touristry is increasing in many states. Many people are acknowledging the fact that if touristry is to lend towards sustainable economic development in the long term. It has to be environmentally sustainable. This is because of a healthy environment is besides indispensable to prolong the industry as tourers are progressively loath to see contaminated or environmentally degraded travel finishs. Chiefly addition with the population growing and development of the states tourers are migrate from each state to another 1. They are hope get pleasance, concern aims and bask with each other, to construct relationships between states like that. Aiming assortment intents they comes assortment states and it cause to positive impact every bit good as negative impacts to the state. Majority environmental impacts are terrible job arisen from the tourer industry. As we know many environmental affects all we are faced such as clime alteration, destruct the wildlife home grounds, taking the flora screen are direct impacts due to tourist industry. 1.0 What is the touristry? Tourism is the 1 of the universe largest industry among the developed and developing states. This is associated with the big figure of sectors and touristry can be defined as the economically, societal culturally, environmentally and primary, secondary, thirtiry degrees of the production and services. Therefore there is no recognized definition for the touristry industry. Many economic expert are defined the touristry like this. Harmonizing to the Clawson and Knetsch surveies this is referred to as the complex integrating between socio economic systems. Further harmonizing to the Jansen-Verbeke and Dietvorst had explained touristry portions strong cardinal features and theoretical foundations with in the diversion and leisure. In add-on to the Mill and Morrison define touristry as the system of interconnected parts that includes market, travel, finish and selling ( Mill and Morrison 1985 ) . By and large, we can place touristry as the interconnected system that includes tourers and a ssociated services which are provided and utilized such as installations, attractive forces, transit and adjustment to back up in their motion. Tourism sector besides appeared as the planetary activity supplying service sector employment, income to them ( Bassett, B. ( 1996 ) . There are assortment sectors are influenced by the touristry.as an illustration there are societal and cultural sector, environmental sector, economic sector, etc. Out of these sectors chiefly touristry is affect to the environment sector in immense states. The rapid growing of the touristry has given rise increasing concerns about its negative impacts sing the environmental sector. 1.1 Nature Tourism Nature touristry includes all tourer activity that depends straight on the usage of natural countries that are in the comparatively undeveloped province. This includes travel by tourer to see beautiful senery, for picture taking or for diversion connected with aquatic resources ( e.g. : H2O athleticss, boating etc. ) , flora and wildlife including hunting ( Akama, J.S. ( 1996 ) . Examples: wildlife touristry, adventure touristry, green touristry etc. 2.0 Key issues affect on environment sector Overcrowding, abuses of natural resources building of edifices and other substructures and other activities associated with touristry frequently produce inauspicious impacts on the environment both physical and cultural. The impacts of touristry vary harmonizing to: The figure and nature of tourers sing a site And features of the site itself, An single tourer will hold a comparatively little impact but larger Numberss will hold greater impacts, particularly if the resources are over used. This clearly seen in the protected countries with high visitant impact. Hence although touristry can be an of import beginning of gross for the province, it can besides stand for a major direction job for protected countries that are over visited. Tourism impacts on natural countries can be classified as the direst impact and indirect impacts. ( Cater, E. ( 1995 ) ) Direct impacts are caused by presence of the tourers while indirect impacts are caused by presence of substructure for tourer activities. As an illustration of the direct impacts on natural countries covered by impacts on geological exposure, minerals and dodos, impacts on dirt, impacts on H2O resources, impacts on flora, impacts on carnal life, impacts on sanitation and impacts on cultural environment in the state. Because of the touristry industry in the state, it cause to give positive and negative impacts.It is the manner of gave immense income to the state. but batch of negative impacts come with them. Tourism causes harm to the environment and natural resources. In some states serious job have already arisen due to unregulated nature touristry, For illustration about three million people visit the national park s in Spain each twelvemonth. As the sum are of these Parkss is about 125,000 hour angle, over trial is the serious job. Sing the Sri Lanka is the blessed with immense na tural beauty, tourer come addition.In there some protected countries are now sing a considerable addition in trial degrees which has led to assorted environmental jobs. Protected countries throughout the universe which encourage touristry are frequently managed by people who are non trained in touristry planning and direction. Another issue is most countries do non have any formal support for touristry from the authorities, local communities, Non Governmental Organizations ( NGOs ) , preservation groups or the touristry industry. Further these countries are often opened to tourers before direction programs are in topographic point and implemented. ( Diamantis, D. ( 1999 ) As with the most jobs the negative impacts of touristry can be managed efficaciously. This can merely be done if the jobs are identified, assessed and evaluated. Once this is done specific direction responses will hold to developed and implemented to get the better of the jobs that have been created. 3.0 Activities to cut down or extenuate the impact of environmental sector through Tourism Ecological Tourism or its sawed-off signifier ecotourism is one specific suggestion for this issue. Harmonizing to the planetary ecotourism society this can be expressed as responsible travel to natural countries that conserves the environment and sustains the well being of local people. The implicit in subject of ecotourism is that the enjoyment of resources by today s visitants should non impact its enjoyment by future coevalss. There are many activities have to make cut down impact on environmental sector through the ecotourism. The best countries for nature base touristry including ecotourism are protected countries, as they are lawfully protected and therefore offer the best possibility for keeping natural resources over a long period of clip. there are some stairss can be promoted for the manage touristry in the protested countries that are conserving the environment, heightening the quality of life of the local communities and bettering the touristry merchandise and services. There are some constituents of a touristry direction scheme for a protected countries. Appraisal of the bing touristry scenarios/facilities including the position of the natural resource, touristry demand, clime with in and outside the park ( eg local communities, political stableness ) for a nature and cultural touristry, bing installations, available, tourist potency and activities the tourers want to make, donees and spouses, cost and impacts etc. ( Cater, E. ( 1995 ) Determining the desirable touristry sceneries in footings of what the state of affairs should be, how to better bing installations, heightening tourer experiences, cut downing tourist impact, what chance can be added and what the park can be communicate to the tourers. Strategic planning for the needed degree and type of touristry required including demands for preparation usher, set uping and marinading a visitant Centre and interpretative services, ecological monitoring systems, promotional stuff, methods, and channels and tourer related rural industries with local people, buttonholing with authorities to set up an entryway free system that will allow fund to be channelled back to park direction. Drafting a touristry direction scheme papers and go arounding it to funders and stakeholders including possible spouses. For the cut down most of touristry impact on environmental sector touristry direction program can be created and touristry direction scheme can be adopted. There are 3.1 Establishing direction zones This will function to cut down tourer impacts. for illustrations there can be Rigorous protection zones-from which tourer are excluded Restricted use zones-where tourers may be enter, but non vehicles Moderate touristry zones where visitants can carryout diverse activities that are in maintaining with the natural and cultural environment. Such zones can hold low impact tourer services such as interpretative installations and should incorporate representative samples of the park s of import resources. Development zones that are of limited extent and where installations for touristry, park direction and research are concentrated. 3.2 Analysing of the trial features of the protected country This can be include Analysis of the different visitant profile Analysing of the present forms of trial and their impacts on the park and any alternate theoretical accounts to lesson impact Analysing of what visitants expect from the park and the extent to which these outlooks are met. Monitoring and rating of the trial procedure. 3.3 Establishing preparation programmes Ecotourism is a new country of involvement and one in which expertness needs to be built. as such it requires serious and intensive preparation at all degrees if it is to be successful.Protected country directors and support staff, park Texas Rangers, authorities governments, politicians, circuit operators tour ushers ( international and local ) travel agents, hotels and eating houses proprietors and directors, investors and enterprisers, conversationists and local communities all require particular preparation programmes if they are to take part efficaciously in ecotourism enterprises. In all instances the interdisciplinary and multicultural facets of ecotourism should be emphasized. However developing programmes for different classs of mark groups will necessitate to differ to accommodate their varied demands. 3.4 Planning physical installations for touristry in protected countries A new attack to plan and building techniques are required for physical planning of ecotourism. for case all edifices, roads, and services systems should be designed so that environmental impacts are minimized and high degree of self sufficiency is achieved. Eco techniques such as usage of solar energy, gaining control and usage of rain H2O, recycling of waste, cross airing alternatively of air conditioning, nutrient production from ecological farms, aquaculture, belowground wiring and usage of local stuffs and naA?ve techniques for edifice and blending of architectural forms with the natural environment are going popular in planing ecotourism installations. Local techniques that overcome harm from white ants and local plagues can besides be used. design techniques should be low tech and edifices should be local architectural forms, buildings techniques and stuffs. Roads, waies and tests should be unnoticeable and be designed for minimising dirt eroding. 3.5 Working with local communities Often communities populating with in or next to a protected country are non adequately involved in touristry development, although this can significantly better their socio economic degrees. To take this barrier, the local communities should comprehend that their environment is deserving conserving and be willing to portion this resource with tourer and to waive some of the benefits they derived such as entree to natural resources with in the protected country. 3.6 Assessment, monitoring and direction Prior to set uping touristry undertaking it is necessary to transport out an Environmental Impact appraisal ( EIA ) to guarantee that there will be minimal impact on the environment, and besides to guarantee sustainability of the undertaking. Further it is necessary to understand the transporting capacity of the ecosystem which represents the threshold of human activity that it can back up. Determining the coaling capacity of public usage sites in a protected countries requires the constitution of the several degrees of the transporting capacity. 3.7 Designing nature trails Nature trails provide tracts into and with in the protected country. The major aim of a nature trail is to convey the visitant and the taken installations together instead than to merely carry on visitants through the country. Visitors should be provided with a map of the trail and if possible a cheque list of thing to see. Cusps about the trail should be cheap but attractive and include studies. They have the added advantage that they can be taken place and shown the others and thereby multiplying their educational impact. 4.0 Why ecotourism more of import than other signifiers of natural touristry Natural touristry if uncontrolled can ensue in the abuse of the resource by the tourer s in a mode that is neither wise nor sustainable. Under such status nature touristry can lend to the debasement of sites of natural or cultural importance and lead to loss of cultural and biological diverseness. In contrast ecotourism is a specific class of nature based touristry that occurs merely if it affords better protection to the countries visited by tourers and benefits local communities. Traditional circuit operators who take tourers to natural sites may non to committed to the preservation and direction of those countries, as they merely offer their clients the chance to see alien topographic points and peoples, despite the fact that these sites may alter or be lost. ( Romeril, M. ( 1985 ) ) In contrast ecotourism operators have to be concerned with the preservation of the resources and should outdo signifier partnerships with protected countries directors and local people, with the purpose of lending to the long term protection of the resources and to advance local development. Nature touristry is based on the behavior and motive of the single tourer whereas ecotourism is more comprehensive as it is base on a planned attack by a host state or part and is designed to accomplish societal aims.although this will besides include fulfilling the aims of the single tourer as good. 5.0 Importance of ecotourism to biodiversity Bio diverseness is the major constituent of the environment sector. Because of ecotourism conforms to bio diverseness preservation it has be possible to lend significantly to bio diverseness preservation. This is the critical of import for the maintainace of national Parkss that are of import for biodiversity preservation. Further the chance for the visitants to derive first manus experience of biodiversity can be used to assist change over them in to active supports of nature preservation and to assist back up the preservation of threatened species. Besides it support for preservation of biodiversity within these Parkss and assist continue autochthonal cultural individuality. ( Goodwin, H. ( 1996 ) )

Identify the Cottonwoods - Trees in the Willow Family

Identify the Cottonwoods - Trees in the Willow Family The common cottonwoods are three species of poplars in the section Aegiros of the genus Populus, native to North America, Europe, and western Asia. They are very similar to and in the same genus as other true poplars and aspens. They also tend to rustle and chitter in a breeze. The Eastern Cottonwood, Populus deltoides, is of the largest North American hardwood trees, although the wood is rather soft. It is a riparian zone tree. It occurs throughout the eastern United States and just into southern Canada. The Black Cottonwood,  Populus balsamifera, grows mostly west of the Rocky Mountains and is the largest Western cottonwood. It is also called Western balsam poplar and California poplar and the leaf has fine teeth, unlike the other cottonwoods. The Fremont Cottonwood, Populus fremontii occurs in California east to Utah and Arizona and south into northwest Mexico; it is similar to Eastern Cottonwood, differing mainly in the leaves having fewer, larger serrations on the leaf  edge  and small differences in the flower and seed pod structure. Quick  Identification Using Leaves, Bark and Flowers Leaves: alternate, triangular, coarsely curved teeth, leafstalks flattened.Bark: yellowish green and smooth on young trees but deeply furrowed in maturity.Flowers: catkins, male-female on separate trees. Quick Winter Identification Using Bark and Location These most common cottonwoods become very large trees (up to 165 feet) and usually occupy wet riparian  areas in the East or seasonally dry creek beds in the West. Mature trees have bark that is thick, grayish-brown, and deeply furrowed with scaly ridges. Young bark is smooth and thin.

Problems In Financing Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problems In Financing Education - Assignment Example A preliminary analysis of the breakup of 2000 students based on past records show that the bulk of the students need make-up coaching in Math- there are two sections with a seating of 1400 students, comprising 70 percent of the total 2000 students. As compared to this, there is just one section each for Reading English and Writing English respectively and that in turn comprises 10 and 20 percent of student total. At the moment the teachers are not paid any additional amount for these classes. Meanwhile, you have just been informed that there has been a 10 percent cut in funding and must find ways to deal with this new reality.My first strategy would be to increase revenues for these classes by charging additional amounts for the use of school facilities like the basketball court, swimming pool, the computer lab and the science laboratory. This would form a broad base for earning additional amounts and moreover could be implemented for the long term without many negative effects. Usin g facilities such as the pool, the science lab, and the basketball court could be made optional but the use of the computer lab would be fundamental for all disciplines. A letter written to all parents stating the inevitability of these measures would have to be prepared, stating the additional amounts to be charged and expected date of implementation. It would also be mentioned that a lot of private schools have adopted this policy in the past, out of sheer necessity and in order to keep up with the rising costs of education. Strategy 2 My second strategy would be to hire part-time faculty comprising of retired English and Math teachers and professors from the local community to take these classes, aided by the adjunct staff for administration etc. This group of retired teachers and professors represents a readily available resource pool that is often unused by our communities. The compensation offered would be minimal and many would be grateful for an opportunity to make a contribution to the institution even after their retirement. This would also have a favorable impact on the school, principal and the teachers involved. Strategy 3 I would also try to raise revenues by asking philanthropists like Warren Buffett, Bill Gates, Larry Page, Sergey Brin and Mark Zuckerberg to support the cost of teaching a class for the entire duration of a particular make-up session. This would include the salaries of teachers as well as other incidental and administrative costs. Since there are five classes in total, this could be achieved comfortably. The name of the contributor would be emblazoned on the door of each class and a photograph of the door as well as the class in full session sent to each contributor as a sign of the good work they have done by sponsoring this course (Sorenson & Goldsmith, 2006). It would similarly be good for the principal, teachers, and students involved in the project. Strategy 4 Often the students lose interest because the regular teachers are in a hurry and do not have time to give individual attention and guidance to a backward

Art Museum Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art Museum - Research Paper Example He is considered a modern artist, which means that he belongs to the era that roughly extended from the 1980’s to the 1970’s, and of a movement that is characterized by a tendency towards experimentation and abstraction (Cahoone). However, despite the undeniable fact that his work was fresh and thought provoking, he shied away from creating abstract artwork, and stuck to the classical technique of oil painting. His paintings were composed and crisp, marked with the influence of the realist painter Gustave Courbet. With superficial examination one might declare that there is nothing modern about Balthus’ work. However, there is an indisputable air of strangeness to his work. This ‘strangeness’ that strikes many as almost disturbing is felt not through the style of painting but rather it was within his depictions and subjects that he displayed his modernism. Balthus’ art is marked with his fascination for the uninnocent sexuality of adolescent girls. Most of his work feature young women in an ordinary setting, but they are shown as naked, or are shown in contorted and suggestive positions. While the artist himself insists that there is no element of sexual provocation in his work (Cahoone), it is difficult to deny the stimulating and sexual nature of most of his work. An example of this would be the oil painting ‘Guitar Lesson’ which was made in 1934. While the title brings to mind an almost domestic scene, the actual painting depicts a young woman half naked with her skirt pulled almost to her waist exposing her bare private parts while she lies across her music instructor’s lap in place of a guitar. Her music instructor, who is a middle aged woman, holds her much as she would hold a guitar, with her right hand clutching the young woman’s hair and the left hand grasping her student’s inner thigh provocatively close to her

Problem Solution & Defense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Problem Solution & Defense - Essay Example As a part of this process, it has also acquired Enviro Tech, which is one of the Company’s major domestic competitors. Some of the salient issues that need to be addressed are as follows: (a) managing the merger with Enviro Tech successfully, paying attention to organizational issues (b) addressing the concerns of the old time employees of Inter clean and (c) the issue of training for employees. The goal of this process of transition is to transform the Company’s purely sales based approach to a solutions based approach. As a part of this approach, the organizational framework of the Company has changed, with the acquisition of Enviro tech. People management plays a critical role in a successful merger and acquisition as in this case of acquisition of Enviro tech by Inter clean, with sensitive decisions to be made on issues such as organizational design and staffing, etc but these are often elements that are overlooked. (www.coolavernues.com). In the case of Inter Clean after the acquisitions process, the members of the executive team all have different agendas and there is a lack of coordination and integration in terms of goals, motivation and long term interests of the Company. Tom wants to pursue global expansion, Sally is interested in further mergers, Janet wants to retain the status quo in terms of HR policy and Garcia and the others want to take over an important role in Sales and Marketing. This has created a win/lose situation as part of a distributive negotiations process, as a result of which there is confusion in goals, especially among Inter clean employees. There is also a conflict between the employees of Inter Clean and Enviro tech. Janet does not want to let the old employees go, while the executive team wants to include employees of Enviro tech. This is causing difficulties and confusion among employees, since some of them anticipate being

The Fundamental Theory Of Supply And Demand Economics Essay

The Fundamental Theory Of Supply And Demand Economics Essay The theory of supply and demand is perhaps one of the most fundamental concepts of economics and it is the backbone of a market economy. The supply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability and consumer demand. Since contemporary economies rely on the market forces of supply and demand instead of government forces to distribute goods and services there must be a method for determining who gets the products that are produced. This is where supply and demand begin to work. By themselves the laws of supply and demand give us basic information, but when working together they are the key to distribution in a market economy. It is not enough for a buyer to want or desire an item. He or she must show the ability to pay and then the willingness to pay. So, demand is comprised of three things: Desire; Ability to pay; Willingness to pay. What factors alter a consumers desire, willingness and ability to pay for products? Some factors include consumers income and tastes, the prices and availability of related products like substitutes or complementary goods, and the items usefulness. Substitutes are goods that satisfy similar needs and which are normally consumed in place of each other. As the price of one substitute declines, demand for the other substitute will decrease. Butter and margarine are close substitutes. If the price of butter goes up, then people will tend to substitute margarine for butter. Complementary goods are those that are normally consumed together (e.g., DVD players and DVD movies). An increase in the price of a product will diminish demand for its complement while a decrease in the price of a product will increase demand for its complement. Think of the items usefulness this way. It is a hot summer day and you are gasping for a drink*. You come across a lemonade stand and gulp down a glass*. It tasted great so you want another. This second glass is marginal utility meaning an extra satisfaction a consumer gets by purchasing one more unit of a product. But now you reach for a third glass. Suddenly your stomach is bloated and you are feeling sick. Thats diminishing marginal utility! The law of diminishing marginal utility says that the more units one buys the less eager one is to buy more. In economics, demand is peoples desire, willingness and ability to purchase particular amounts of goods or services at certain prices in a given period of time. To the economists consumers make rational choices about how much to buy and how to spend their income on the products that will give them the greatest satisfaction at the least cost. So, demand describes the behavior of buyers. The law of demand states that the higher the price of a product, the fewer people will demand that product, that is, demand for a product varies inversely with its price, all other factors remaining equal*. Factors other than a goods price which affect the amount consumers are willing to buy are called the non-price determinants of demand. The law of demand expresses the relationship between prices and the quantity of goods and services that would be purchased at each and every price. In other words, the higher the price of a product, the lower the quantity demanded. Economists like to look at things graphically. A demand schedule is a table showing the number of units of a product that would be purchased at various prices during a given period of time. The information presented in a graphic form is called a demand curve. It shows an inverse relationship between the price and the quantity demanded. The demand curve represents the quantities of a product or service which consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices, all non-price factors being equal. The demand curve slopes downward from left to right based on the law of demand. Or to put it another way, a demand curve shows that the quantity demanded is greater at a lower price and lower at a higher price. The advantage of the curve is that it enables economists to see the relation between price and quantity demanded and to calculate approximately what the demand would be for those prices falling in between the prices that are in the demand schedule. Each point along the curve represents a different price-quantity combination. Demand schedule for cut jeans Price The quantity demanded $400 200 $350 500 $300 800 $225 1200 $175 1600 $100 2400 $50 3000 Increased demand can be represented on the graph as the curve being shifted to the right, because at each price, a greater quantity is demanded. An example of this would be more people suddenly wanting more cut jeans. On the other hand, if the demand decreases, the opposite happens. Decreased demand can be represented on the graph as the curve being shifted to the left, because at each price the quantity demanded is less. It means that fewer people want to buy cut jeans. The key point is to distinguish between demand and the quantity demanded. Demand refers to how much of a product or service is desired by buyers. The quantity demanded is the amount of a product that people are willing to buy at a certain price. The difference is subtle but important. If the demand of ice cream goes up in summer it is because consumptive demand has truly increased, clearly it is hot. In this case the business can most likely raise prices without suffering a cut in sales. This is a change in the quantity demanded. In winter the business incurs a sales fall at the same price. The only way out of increasing sales is to reduce the price. As a result of a price cut the increased sales of ice cream means that consumer demand has artificially been manipulated. In reality, actual demand is low but extra efforts have to be made to increase sales. This leads to a change in demand. Economists distinguish two different ways that the quantity of purchases of a product can change. According to the law of demand a change in price leads to a movement along the original demand curve and results in a change in the quantity demanded, that is, more will be purchased but only at a lower price. When one of the non-price factors changes (e.g., a change in income) there will be a change in demand. This change causes a shift of the demand curve either outward or inward in response to a change in a condition other than the goods price. It means that more or less will be purchased at the same price. All of the non-price determinants (changes in the size of the market, income for the average consumer, population size, the prices and availability of related goods, consumer preferences) are directly related to consumers. In other words, at any given price, consumers will be willing and able to purchase either more or less. Lets take a look at an effect a change in consumer preferences or desire for a particular product leads to. On the one hand, if a product like cut jeans becomes the latest fashion fad, demand at any given price will be increased and the demand curve shifts out. On the other hand, if there is a decline in the size of the market or a product becomes unfashionable then the demand curve shifts in. Thus, the only thing that can change the quantity demanded is a change in the market price, all other things remaining the same. While a change in demand results from changes of any of the non-price determinants, the goods price being equal. To understand better the theory of supply and demand it is necessary to know how much buyers and sellers respond to price changes. This responsiveness is called elasticity. Elasticity varies among products because some products may be more essential to the consumer. A good or service is considered to be highly elastic if a slight change in price leads to a sharp change in the quantity demanded. A price increase of a product or service that isnt considered a necessity will discourage more consumers to buy the product or service. On the other hand, an inelastic good or service is one in which changes in price bring about only modest changes in the quantity demanded, if any at all. Products that are necessities are more insensitive to price changes because consumers will continue buying these products despite a price rise. It is known as the price elasticity of demand. In economics, the price elasticity of demand is an elasticity that measures the nature and degree of the relationship between changes in the quantity demanded of a commodity and changes in its price. One typical application of the concept of elasticity is to consider what happens to consumer demand for a product when prices increase. As the price of a product rises, consumers will usually demand less of that product, perhaps by consuming less, substituting another product for it, and so on. The greater the extent to which demand falls as price rises, the greater the price elasticity of demand is. Demand is called elastic if a small change in price has a relatively large effect on the quantity demanded. The number and quality of substitutes for a product are the basic influence on price elasticity of demand. If the prices of substitutes remain the same, a rise in the products price will discourage consumers from buying this product. On the other hand, if there is a price cut in the product, consumers will substitute other items for this product. Thus, the demand for this product tends to be elastic. In general, demand is elastic for non-essential commodities (visits to theatres or concerts, holidays, parties, etc.) However, there are some goods that consumers cannot consume less of, and cannot find substitutes for even if prices rise. Some goods and services that are necessities, relatively inexpensive and difficult to find substitutes are said to have inelastic demand. To put it another way, a change in price results in a relatively small effect on the quantity demanded. The elasticity of demand also deals with the effect of a price change on the sellers total revenue, that is the amount paid by the buyers and received by the sellers of products. When the price elasticity of demand for a product is elastic, the percentage change in quantity is greater than the percentage change in price. Hence*, when the price is raised, the total revenue of producers falls, and the total revenue of producers rises, when the price is decreased. When the price elasticity of demand for a product is inelastic, the percentage change in quantity is smaller than the percentage change in price. Therefore, when the price is raised, the total revenue of producers rises and the total revenue of producers decreases, when there is a goods price fall. COMMENTS: to gasp for a drink à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ´ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸; to gulp down a glass à Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾/à Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ¹; all other factors remaining equal à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ° уà Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ², ц°Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ уÑ Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ„Ã Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸; hence à Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ µ, à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸, à Ã‚ ² Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜-. Exercise 1. Read, translate into Ukrainian in writing and memorize the following economic terms and concepts. Complementary goods: the two goods tend to be consumed or used together in relatively fixed or standardized proportions. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Demand curve: the graphical representation of how demand for something varies in relation to its price. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Demand schedule: a table showing the quantities of a product that would be purchased at various prices at a given time. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Demand: the level of a consumers willingness, ability and desire or need that exist for particular goods or services. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diminishing marginal utility: each successive increase in consumption of a product or service provides less additional enjoyment or usefulness than the previous one. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Elastic demand: Demand for which a small change in price results in a large change in demand. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Elasticity: An economic concept which is concerned with a shift in either demand for or supply of an economic product as the result of a change in a products price. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Inelastic demand: Demand for which a large change in price leads to only a small change in demand. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Law of demand: the economic law that states that demand for a product varies inversely with its price. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Law of diminishing marginal utility: the economic law that states that for a single consumer the marginal utility of a commodity diminishes for each additional unit of the commodity consumed. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Marginal utility: the additional satisfaction a consumer gains from consuming one more unit of a good or service. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Price elasticity of demand: The degree to which demand for a commodity responds to a change in the price of this commodity. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Substitute: a product or service that partly satisfies the need of a consumer that another product or service fulfills. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Utility: an economic term referring to the total satisfaction received from consuming a good or service. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TEXT Transactions require both buyers and sellers. Thus, demand is only one aspect of decisions about prices and the amounts of goods traded, supply is the other. So, supply is one of the two key determinants of price. The theory of supply explains the mechanisms by which prices and levels of production are set. Unlike demand, supply describes the behavior of sellers. In economics, supply relates to the quantity of goods or services that a producer or a supplier is willing to bring into the market (à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ² à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶) at a particular price in a given time period, all other things being equal. The law of supply states that the quantity of a commodity supplied (Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ ) varies directly with its price, all other factors that may determine supply remaining the same. The law of supply expresses the relationship between prices and the quantity of goods and services that sellers would offer for sale (à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶) at each and every price. In other words, the higher the price of a product, the higher the quantity supplied. As the price of a commodity increases relative to price of all other goods, business enterprises switch resources and production from other goods to production of this commodity, increasing the quantity supplied. Clearly the law of supply is the opposite of the law of demand. Consumers want to pay as little as they can. They will buy more when there is a price decrease in the market. Sellers, on the other hand, want to charge as much as they can. They will be willing to make more and sell more as the price goes up. In this way they can maximize profits. (à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’шуà Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸) The relationship between price of a product and its quantity supplied is represented in a table called a supply schedule. The supply curve is a graphic representation of the market supply schedule and the law of supply. The supply curve shows a direct relationship (à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’) between the quantities of products that firms are willing to produce and sell at various prices, all non-price factors (à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ„Ã Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸) being constant. The supply curve slopes upward from left to right based on the law of supply. Producers supply more at a higher price because selling a larger quantity at a higher price increases their revenue. Supply schedule for cut jeans Price The quantity supplied $400 3000 $350 2400 $300 1600 $225 1200 $175 800 $100 500 $50 200 The supply curve enables producers to anticipate (à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸) what the supply would be for those prices falling in between the prices that are in the supply schedule. Each point along the curve represents a different price-quantity combination, or to put it another way, a direct correlation between the quantities supplied and price. Like a movement along the demand curve, a movement along the supply curve will occur when a price change leads to a change in the quantity supplied (à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-), that is, more will be offered for sale but only at a higher price or vice versa. Like a shift in the demand curve, a shift in the supply curve to the right or to the left means that the quantity supplied is affected by a factor other than a products price. (Ñ„Ã Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬ Ñ-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ¶ ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™) People often confuse supply with the quantity supplied. The difference between supply and quantity supplied is that Supply represents the amounts of items that suppliers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices at a particular time and place, all non-price determinants being equal. The quantity supplied refers to the amount of a certain product producers are willing to supply at a certain price (à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½ ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½). A change in the price of the product will cause a change in the quantity supplied. Price is an important determinant of the quantities supplied. The law of supply states that the amount offered for sale rises, as the price is higher. The quantity of pairs of cut jeans producers are willing to offer for sale rises, since their price is higher primarily because they need to cover the increased costs of production. (à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’шà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸) Thus, according to the law of supply a change in price leads to a movement along the original supply curve and results in a change in the quantity supplied. On the one hand, an upward movement along the curve (Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ уà Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶ à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ уà Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™) represents an increase in the quantity supplied as the price is raised. On the other hand, a downward movement along the curve shows a decrease in the quantity supplied as a result of a price reduction. When one of the factors other than a products price changes (e.g., a change in technology) there will be a change in supply. Economists use the term supply to refer to the original supply curve. An increase in supply is reflected by a shift of the supply curve to the right. It means that at the same price, sellers are willing to supply more than they were willing to supply before (à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜-шà Ã‚ µ). A decrease in supply is represented by a shift of the original supply curve to the left. It means that at any given price, producers are willing to supply less than they were willing to supply before. However, there are things other than price which affect the amounts of goods and services suppliers are able to bring into the market. These things are called the non-price determinants of supply. As it has been mentioned a change in the quantity supplied caused only by a change in the price of the product. A change in supply is caused by a change in the non-price determinants of supply. Based on a new supply schedule (à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ · à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- шà Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-), the supply curve moves inward or outward since the prices stay the same and only the quantities supplied change. Non-price determinants of supply are: Changes in the cost of production. Production costs relate to the labour costs and other costs of doing business (à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ- à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °) used in production process. The cost of production is probably one of the most important influences on production process. An increase in the costs of any input brings about the lower output, which means that the supply curve will shift inward. Regardless of the price that a firm can charge for its product, price must exceed costs (à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸) to make a profit. Thus, the supply decision (Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€˜-шà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  ц°Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-) is a decision in response to changes in the cost of production. Changes in technology. Changes in technology usually result in improved productivity. Improved technology decreases production costs and therefore increases supply. Changes in the price of resources needed to produce goods and services. If the price of a resource used to produce the product increases, this will increase the production costs and the producer will no longer be willing to offer the same quantity at the same price. He will want to charge a higher price to cover the higher costs. As a result the supply curve will shift inward. Changes in the expectations of future prices. Changes in producers expectations about the future price can cause a change in the current supply (Ñ-Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ ) of products. If producers anticipate a price rise in the future, they may prefer to store their products today and sell them later. As a result, the current supply of a particular product will decrease. In this case a supply curve will shift to the left. It is necessary to keep in mind that supply is not the quantity available for sale. (à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ° ц à Ã‚ ² à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™) Changes in the profit opportunities. If a business firm produces more than one product, a change in the price of one product can change the supply of another product. For example, automobile manufacturers can produce both small and large cars. If the price of small cars rises, the producers will produce more small cars to earn higher profits. They will shift the resources of the plant from the production of large cars to the production of small ones. Therefore, the supply of small cars will increase and a supply curve will shift outward. So, profit opportunities encourage producers to produce those goods that have high prices. Changes in the number of suppliers in the market. Potential producers are producers who can produce a product but dont do it because of relatively low price. If price of a product rises potential suppliers will switch over production to that product to make more profit. If more producers enter a market, the supply will increase, shifting the supply curve to the right. Making a summary it is necessary to emphasize that the understanding of concepts of supply and demand provides an explanation of how prices are determined in competitive markets. (à Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ º) An important concept in understanding supply and demand theories is elasticity. Comprehension of elasticity (Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜-) is useful to understand the response of supply to changes in consumer demand in order to achieve an expected result or avoid unforeseen consequences (уà Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ²). For example, an entrepreneur expecting a price increase might find that* it lowers the profits if demand is highly elastic, as sales would fall sharply. Similarly, a business reckoning on a price cut might find that* it does not increase sales, if demand for the product is inelastic. In economics, the price elasticity of supply is the degree of proportionality with which the amount of a commodity offered for sale changes in response to a given change in the going price. In other words elasticity of supply is a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a particular product responds to a change in the price of that product. Elasticity of supply works similar to elasticity of demand. If a change in price results in a large change in the quantity supplied, supply is considered elastic. On the other hand, if a great change in price brings about a small change in the quantity supplied, supply is called inelastic. Here are the determinants of price elasticity of supply: the ability of producers to change the amount of goods they produce time period needed to alter the output. Elasticity of supply is different in the short run and the long run. The quantity of a product supplied in the short run differs from the amount produced, as manufacturers have stocks of finished products (à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ- ) as well as raw materials which they have to build up or reduce. In the long run quantity supplied and quantity produced are equal but it takes time to adjust supply to current demand and going prices. For example, supply of many goods can be increased over time by allocating alternative resources, investing in an expansion of production capacity, or developing competitive products that can substitute for hot items. Hence, supply is more elastic in the long run than in the short run. COMMENTS A different price-quantity combination Ñ-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ  ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜-; an entrepreneur expecting a price increase might find that à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸, à Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ³ à Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸, ц°Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾; a business reckoning on a price cut might find that à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸, à Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ³ à Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸, ц°Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾. Exercise 1. Read, translate into Ukrainian in written form and memorize the definitions of the following economic terms and concepts. Elastic supply: Supply for which a percentage change in a products price causes a larger percentage change in the quantity supplied. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ : à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ  à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ° Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ² ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’шà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-. Elasticity of supply: The degree to which supply of a commodity responds to a change in that commoditys price. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-: à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ° Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ  Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ³Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™. Inelastic supply: Supply for which a percentage change in a products price causes a smaller percentage change in the quantity supplied. à Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ : à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ  à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ° Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™. Law of supply: the economic law that states as the price of a commodity that producers are willing and able to offer for sale during a particular period of time rises (falls), the quantity of the commodity supplied goes up (decreases), all non-price determinates being equal. à -à Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-: à Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-ц¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ , ц°Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´ ц¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™, à Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  (Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ), à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  (Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ ), à Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ãƒâ€˜   à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸. Quantity supplied: the amount of a product that producers are willing and able to sell at a certain price during a time period, all other factors that may determine supply remaining the same. à Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-: à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ², Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ ц¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™, à Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ -à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ„Ã Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜- à Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-ÑÅ ½ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸. Supply: the total amount of a commodity available for purchase by consumers. à Ã… ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ : Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ² à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸. Supply curve: the graphical representation of how supply varies as prices change. à Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-: à Ã‚ ³Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ€˜-ц¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ º à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ  à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸. Supply schedule: a table showing the quantities of a product that would be offered for sale at various prices at a given time. à Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ-: Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ , ц°Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜-Ñ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™, Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ à Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶ à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ° Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜- ц Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸ à Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶ à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ ц¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™.